中考英语语法之 “数词”
定义英语中用来表示事物的数目或顺序的词叫做数词。
分类
1.根据数词的特征,可将英语中的数词分为两大类,分别为基数词和序数词。表明数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序先后的数词叫序数词。
2.根据数字是否为整数,又可将它分为整数、分数和小数;
3.根据数字所表示的数是否肯定,还可以分为定数和概数。
基数词
1.基数词从1到12是自力的单词,要分别记忆。
如2-two,12-twelve
2. 13到19均是在个位数后加-teen组成。
如:13-thirteen,15-fifteen
3. 20到90表示整十的基数词均是在个位数后加-ty组成。
如:40-forty,90-ninety
4.表示“几十几”要在个位数与十位数之间加连字符“-”。
如:59 fifty-five
5.表示“几百几十几”要在百位数与十位数之间加and。
如:262-two hundred and sixty-two
6.英语中没有“万”和“亿” 这两个数目单位,要按十进位法来推算。
如ten thousand-10000
ten million-10000000
一亿-onethousandmillion
巧记基数词口诀
1至12分别记,13至19都带-teen,
整十后面要用-ty,
连字符用于几十几,
百位以上and连
略数表达
1.当hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen等前面有具体的数词(one, two, three…)时,背面既不能加s,也不能加介词of。如:
There aretwothousand students in our school.
2. hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen等前面没有具体的数词,则在厥后加s和介词of,表不确定的数量或形容数量之多。如:
hundreds of成百的,好几百
hundreds and hundreds of成百上千的
thousands of 数以千计的
tens of thousands of千千万万的
millions of数百万的
dozens of 很多
长城是由数百万石头砌成的。
the great wall is made ofmillionsof stones.
3.若表示特定的数目,可在hundred、thousand后加of。如:
there are seven hundred students in this school.three hundred of them / the students are girls.
该校有700名学生,其中女生有300名。
4.“another+ 基数词 + 名词”或“基数词 + more + 名词”表示在已有基础上再增加一定的数量。
In another two weeks, it will be finished.
再过两个星期,这活就完成了。
基数词变序数词
序数词是数词的一种,在汉语中表示为“第几”。此外,在描述日期时,也会用到序数词。
1.一、二、三的序数词需要特殊记忆:
one-first
two-second
three-third
2.八只加h,九去掉e后再加th:
eighth, ninth
3.五和十二先将ve变成f,再加th:
five-fifth, twelve-twelfth
4.整十的基数词(10除外),均将y变成ie,再加th:
twentieth, fiftieth
5.表示二十以上的基数词只变个位数(整十除外):
thirty-first
6.其他情况一般都是在基数词词尾加th:
fourh
hundredth
基数词变序数词口诀
基变序,有规律,词尾多加th。
一、二、三,特殊记,
词尾字母t、d、d。
八减t,九去e,f来把ve替。
逢十改y为ie,后跟th莫忘记。
若想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。
分数
分数是由基数词和序数词组合而成的:分子用基数词,分母用序数词;如果分子大于1,分母则用复数形式。如:
1/2 a / one half(一般不读作a second,因为容易误以为“一秒钟”)
1/3 one third
3/5 three fifths
1/ 4 a quarter / one fourth
分数记忆口诀
英语分数不费事,
“母序分基”四个字;
分子若是大于一,
分母还须加s。
【注】分数作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与后面的名词一致:当名词是可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数;当名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数时,谓语动词用单数。如:
In our class, two fifths of the students are boys.
Three fourths / quarters of the meat has gone bad.
时间表达
时间表达法,英汉有异同;
顺读时一样,逆读有不同;
先分钟后点钟,half、quarter记心中;
三十分钟内,past来使用;
超过三十分,to来先前冲。
2:00 two / two o’clock
2:15 two fifteen / a quarter past two
2:30twothirty/halfpasttwo
2:40twoforty/twentytothree
年代表达
年代以十记,s加上去;
前加介词in,定冠莫忘记。
在20世纪90年代(1990-1999)
in the 1990s或in the 1990’s
在19世纪80年代(1880-1889)
年月日
1.年份大多每两位数一读,但有特殊。如:
1949年读作nineteen forty-nine
1900年读作nineteen hundred
1901年读作nineteen o one
读作two thousand
读作two thousand and twelve / twenty twelve
2.可以先月后日,日要用序数词。如:
5月1日读作May(the)first,写作May 1st
3月8日读作March(the)eighth,写作March 8th
3.也可以先日后月,日也要用序数词。如:
5月2日读作the second of May,写作2nd May
3月3日读作the third of March,写作3rd March
4.年份前要用逗号隔开。如:
1949年10月1日,可写作 October 1st, 1949或1st October, 1949
年龄段表达
年龄段用“in + 形容词性物主代词 + 数词的复数形式”来表示。如:
in my twenties 在我二十几岁时(20-29)
in her sixties在她六十几岁时(60-69)
Marx began to learn foreign languages in his fifties。.
【注】“十几岁”要用in one’s teens而不是in one’s tens。
算式表达
1.加法:基数词+ and / plus +基数词+ is +总数
Seven and / plus eight is fifteen.
(7+8=15)
2.减法:基数词+ minus +基数词+ is +总数
Ten minus two is eight.
3.乘法:基数词+ times +基数词+ is +总数
Nine times three is twenty-seven.
4.除法:基数词+ divided by + 基数词+ is +总数
Thirty-two divided by four is eight.
【注】如果问“一加三等于多少”,可用What / How much is one plus three?
量词
特点一:英语量词词组所表示的数或量,大致可归纳为四种类型,即定量、不定量、大量和少量。
1.表示定量的量词词组,譬如:
a couple of(两个、一对)
a couple of days
a couple of players
a couple of times
a cupful of(一满杯)
a cupful of jelly
a cupful of water
2.表示不定量的量词词组,譬如:
a majority of(大多数/大半)
a majority of opinions
a majority of votes
3.表示大量的量词词组,譬如:
a flood of
a flood of ink(洋洋大篇)
a flood of tears(泪如泉涌)
a heap of
a heap of earth(一堆泥土)
a heap of customers(许多顾客)
a mountain of
a mountain of debts(债台高筑)
a mountain of difficulties(困难重重)
4.表示少量的量词词组,譬如:
a drop of
a drop of fever(有点热度)
a drop of dew(一点露水)
特点二:有些数量词组修饰可数名词,有些数量词组修饰不可数名词,还有些则两者均可修饰。
1.修饰不可数名词的量词词组,譬如:
a bit of
a bit of English(一点英语)
a bit of good advice(一些好意见)
a bit of interest(一点兴趣)
a sheet of
a sheet of glass(一块玻璃)
a sheet of water(一片汪洋)
2.修饰可数名词的量词词组,譬如:
a string of
a string of pearls(一串珠子)
a string of curses(连续不断的咒骂)
a string of excuses(一连串借口)
3.修饰(不)可数名词的量词词组,譬如:
a block of
a block of ice(一大块冰)
a block of flats(一幢公寓)
a block of houses(一排房子)
a chain of
a chain of ideas(一系列想法)
a chain of accidents(一连串事故)
a chain of proof(一连串证据)
特点三:有些数量词组的搭配是固定的,而有些搭配则比较灵活。
1.搭配固定的量词词组,譬如:
a barrel of
a barrel of beer(一桶啤酒)
a barrel of crude oil(一桶原油)
a basket of
a basket of eggs(一篮鸡蛋)
a basket of apples(一篮苹果)
a line of
a line of trees(一行树)
a line of poetry(一行诗)
2.搭配较灵活的量词词组,譬如:
a piece of
a piece of paper(一张纸)
a piece of furniture(一件家具)
a piece of equipment(一台设备)
a round of
a round of spirit(一巡酒)
a round of diplomatic talks(一轮外交谈判)
a round of toast(一片烤面包)
a bar of
a bar of chocolate(一块巧克力)
a bar of soap(一条肥皂)
a bar of light(一束光)
练习
1. Lincoln was born on ________.
A. February 12, 1809
B. 1809, February 12
C. 1809, 12 February
D. February 1809,12
2. A _______ boy can sing the English song very well.
A. ten-year-old
B. ten years old
C. ten-year-old
D. fifth years old
3. An hour later, _____ minister was sent to see the “magic cloth” woven by those two men.
A. two B. the second
C. the two D. second
4. Abraham Lincoln was _______ President of the United States.
A. 16 B. the 16
C. 16th D. the 16th
5. Do you think there is any room for us ________ ?
A. two B. the two
C. second D. the second
6. —How many students are there in your class?
— ________.
A. Twenty nine
B. Thirty and two
C. Forty-five
D. fifties
7. Which number is wrong? _______.
A. Ninety B. Ninteen
C. Ninth D. Nineteenth
8. The People’s Liberation Army was founded _______.
A. on August 1, 1927
B. in 1927, 1 August
C. on August 1st, 1927
D. in August 1, 1927
9. The number 4,123 is read _______.
A. four thousand one hundred and twenty-three
B.four thousand and one hundred twenty-three
C. four thousand and a hundred and twenty-three
D. four thousands a hundred and twenty-three
10. The old professor still works hard though he is _________.
A. in his sixty B. in his sixties
C. in sixties D. in the sixty
11. This classroom is ________ ours.
A. three times big as
B. as three times big as
C. three times as big as
D. as big three times as
12. The basketball team of our school ranks ________ in the match.
A. three B. third
C. the three D. the third
13. Which is the car that he drives? It’s ________.
A. fifty two
B. the fifty-two cars
C. the car fifty four
D. the fifty-fourth car
14. Which of the following is wrong? ________.
A. He is a fifteen-year-old boy.
B. He is at the age of 15.
C. He is a boy of 15.
D. He is fifteen year old.
15. Our school is not very big. There are only ________ students.
A. nine hundreds of B. nine hundred
C. nine hundreds D. nine hundred of
16. —-How many new words are there in ________ lesson?
—-There are only _________.
A. five; fifth
B. fifth; five
C. the fifth; the five
D. the fifth; five
17. ________, Coca-Cola began to enter China’s market.
A. In 1970’s B. In 1970s
C. In the 1970s’ D. In the 1970s
18. There was no bus in that small town. We had a ________.
A. ten miles walk
B. ten-mile walk
C. ten mile’s walk
D. tenth mile walk
19. Today is the first day and ________.
A. Tuesday is fourth
B. Thursday is the fourth
C. second is Tuesday
D. a second is Thursday
20. Which room do you live in? ________.
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