什么是最好的学习方法?

什么是最好的学习方法？

本文转载自“Quora爱好者”

ID: transq

原题：How can I study more effectively?

作者：Ahmad Ali

翻译：原瑞阳

译校：Phil Tang

这是我在过去两年间所做的一项研究。来自不同大学的八千多名学生参加了这项研究，通过对结果的比较，以下是我的研究结论。我自己只上了不到两个月的大学。

This is my personal research on how to study over two years. I succeeded to get a distinction in 8000 students from many colleges. I did not spend more than two months in my college.

在我描述我的研究方法之前，我想先和大家分享两个重要的研究结果。一项是人类记忆图，另一项是关于注意力的持续时间。

There are two important concepts worth sharing before I describe my study method. The first concept is about memory graph and the second one is about concentration span.

1. The Human Memory Graph

这项研究显示，当你读些什么东西的时候，你几乎可以立刻记下你所读和所听到的东西。如果用图表来纪录，此时你的记忆正水平位于100%的位置上，并且记忆会随着时间慢慢下降。如果你一天以后复习，那么你的记忆就会被加强。相比于不复习，你记忆衰减的速度就会慢很多。每复习一次，你想记住的东西就忘得越慢。

The concept is when you read something, your memory of what you read or heard is almost alive. If we represent this with graph it is horizontally at 100%, and it slowly declines over time. When you review it after one day, memory connections are strengthened. Now its declination is very slow as compared to without review. This speed decreases with every review of the thing you want to remember.

与其死记硬背，不如试着建立一个不紧不慢的复习计划。阅读的时候要集中注意力，然后就可以丢开不管了。晚上读一遍，第二天再读一遍，然后下周再读一遍。第15天的时候给自己做个测试，一个月后再复习一遍。不管是你听到的还是读到的东西，你会发现你都不会忘得太快，并且你不仅会记得大部分内容，甚至连一些于材料有关和材料里面最难以掌握的细节都记得一清二楚。

Instead of memorizing, try setting a review plan without any tension and be relaxed. Read with concentration, and then leave it. Read again in the evening, then again the next day, and then again the next week. Test yourself on the 15th day, and then review after one month. You’ll notice that your memory, of what you heard, read, or listened, will not decline so easy now plus you remember most of it including subtle details related to or within the material.

2. The Human Attention Span

从这幅图表中可以很清晰的看出，人类的注意力在45分钟后只能保持30%的水平。大多数情况下，大学以前一节课的长度就是45分钟。在大学，一节课的时间被延长到一个小时以上。你可以通过慢慢延长集中注意力的时间提高注意力的持续时间，但是最好还是在每一个小时的高强度学习后休息一下(五分钟以内为宜)。短暂的休息可以让你的注意力重新提高到90%左右。

As it’s clear from this graph, the human attention span is at 30% after 45 minutes. Mostly, that is the length of one class for schools below university level. In universities it is increased to one hour or more. You can improve your attention span by increasing the time slowly, but it is better to take a short break (~5 minutes) after about an hour of focused study. The short break will allow you to regain about 90% of your attention span.

关于记忆力，还有一件事很重要，就是在研究一个题目时，要阅读各种来源的材料。这样做有两个好处：不会太无聊，而且你可以从不同角度去了解一个事件。在有必要的时候，后者可以帮助你延迟记忆的衰退。你的大脑与某条信息建立的联系越多，你就越难忘记它。另外一个很重要的因素需要考虑，那就是高效时间。一部分人可能不是这样，但是对于大多数人来说，清晨的时间一般是最高效的。让室溫稍高一点，这样可以帮助你集中注意力。

Another important thing regarding memory is reading a topic from many sources. It has two benefits, less boredom and many different aspects of the same scenario. Later one increases latency of information from different areas of mind when required. The more connections your brain makes with the information, the more likely it will stick in your mind. Another important consideration is the productive hours. It may be different for few people but mostly early morning is the most productive time. Remember to keep the room temperature a little warm. It will help in focusing.

在针对如何学习这个问题做了大量研究后，我设计了一个计划，后来又根据结果反馈做了一些调整。

After a lot of study about how to study, I devised a plan, which was refined over time according to the results.

Planning and managing your study

1. 制定一张时间表。在我的时间表中，每天要花11个小时用来学习。这是成功的第一步。我正在学习，我对我所学的东西十分感兴趣，所以我花了大部分的时间在学习上；当然你的学习时间可能要比11小时少。

Define a Study Schedule; I scheduled 11 hours for study per day. It is the first step to success. I was studying, and interested in it, so I was giving most of my time to studying. You may schedule less than 11 hours of course.

2. 在学习一个科目时，人通常能保持四十分钟的注意力，最多一个小时。所以每40分钟和一个小时就换个科目来学习。逐渐地，你可以把这段连续学习同一科目的时间逐渐扩大到两个小时。我就是这样做的。

Humans can concentrate for 40 minutes on a subject, or maximum 1 hour. Do change your study material/subject after every 40 minutes or 1 hour. But later on you can increase this time slowly to 2 hours. I did this.

3. 在制定你每天的时间表时，在温习过前一天所学内容后，每天时间表的第一项应该是学习新知。书中之后的章节大都会与前面的章节有联系。每天开始的时候学习新的知识会让你充满希望和动力。

Start on your daily schedule by learning new things, learning new things at start gives you hope and makes you motivated.

4. 不要在结束一个科目或单元的学习之后马上开始另一个。休息五到十分钟。在这段时间里面，吃点巧克力，水果或者维生素。从久坐的姿势中站起来，出去看看自然，在自然中冥想，静下心来感受自然的变化和时间的流逝。就像你在开始下一个程序之前，在桌面上右键然后刷新一下一样，短暂的休息可以帮你「刷新」你的状态。

Don’t start one subject or module after the other. Take a break of 5 to ten minutes. During your break time eat some chocolate, fruits, and vitamins. Get out of your seat and get your blood flowing by walking around or doing a few sit-ups, push-ups, or jumping jacks. Even better, step outside to get a breath of fresh air and enjoy nature. This is a right click and refresh for you on your desktop to start another application.

5. 一个科目每天都要看三次。按照每科三轮时间每轮间隔排开的方式设计时间表。

Study each subject three times a day, design your schedule such that every subject has 3 shifts per day.

6. 第一轮学习时做笔记，然后在第二轮及以后的学习中复述你的笔记。做笔记不能仅仅是照抄课本原文。

Take notes in the first shift, and rehearse them in second shift and so on. Notes taken should not be an exact copy of the book text.

7. 最多每两周，你就需要重新为所学习的科目安排时间。或者每周自测一下，然后根据测试结果重新安排时间。

Re-allocate time for your modules in your schedule after every (maximum of) two weeks. Or test yourself after one week and review your schedule; focus on areas you need work in. It should be based on the results of your self-testing of course.

8. 在时间表中插入几次自测。

Test yourself sometime in the middle of a study schedule in a day or after morning review session as we usually do in exams i.e. review before paper.

9. 在时间表的最后安排一些时间用来复习，温故今天学过的科目。

Remember to review topics of this day you have studied, at the end of study time table.

10. 第二天，从复习昨天学过内容开始。但是不要在学习开始的时候做自测。慢慢从易到难地安排任务。

Second day, start with looking at the topics of the last day. But never do an exam at the start of study time. After you review the previous day’s materials, move on to learning new things. Increase difficulty slowly from start to end. A basic rule in all of our lives.

11. 对科目的重要程度和难易度做个数据总结，再对各科目合理划分时间。例如将每门科目难度拟定在 40% 到 60% 之间等。

Do some statistics on important and less important subjects or difficult and easy subjects and divide time with statistics methods. For example by first assigning the difficulty level to each subject like 40% and 60% etc.

针对一些特定科目的学习技巧

Subject specific study techniques

对于数学，试着解题吧。如果你做不出来，翻翻答案，然后自己动手做一遍。你自己亲手做完以后，你就会推断出哪里是你没有考虑到的地方。这就是所谓实践出真知。这是因为，答案有时就可以告诉你一道题的解法。

For math subjects, try to solve a question, if you fail, just do it with your hands by looking at some help book. After you finish copying by hands, you will infer what was missing. This is called learning with hands not mind. This is because some time an answer tells you about the solution in math.
对于物理，先列出各章节下的公式，用之前说的方法（学数学的方法）在纸上写出证明过程，然后才开始理论/定律的学习。要在公式后写上章节名称。

For physics subjects, start with writing the topics equation, prove it on paper same as stated above in (math method), then start with the theory. Attach equation with the topic.
对于英语，把比较难的单词写在笔记本上，先学习它们。

For English, write difficult words on the note book. Learn them first.
For theory subjects, read a lot on the same topic from different sources, read the topic on book, leave it. Now read it on Wikipedia and leave it. Learn it on some other book. This is easy and very useful method. Don’t try to learn from your book only this will bore you and you won’t remember well.

理论相关的课程，针对某个话题，你需要读从大量的从不同来源的材料。读完书上关于这个话题的内容，然后丢开它。然后读维基百科上的关于这个问题的词条，然后关掉它。从其他不同的书上找与这个话题有关的内容来读。这是一个简单但是十分有用的方法。不要仅仅试图从课本上学习这个话题，这样做不仅无聊，而且你也不会记得住。

什么是最好的学习方法？

相关文章

发表回复